Simon Remarriage

The words ‘damaged/cracked/punctured/broken' make pictures portraying the ex-trooper truly yet in addition alluding to how these words could be utilized to depict the wrecked love. Along these lines, it has been clarified that the affection has gotten excruciating and horrendous as an outcome of war. Additionally, the figurative utilization Of ‘frozen waterway' and ‘blown pivot' mirrors a combat area. The word ‘frozen' could reflect how the relationship has gotten still and inert. The storyteller expresses that his jaw is a ‘blown pivot', recommending that he is not, at this point open to her and unfit to talk f his awful experiences.The picture of brutality is additionally consolidated inside ‘Quadric' through a western topic indicating the power of the relationship. ‘High early afternoon' and ‘calamity' embed the picture of a deadlock in the wild west. This picture of the deadlock is induced to be equivalent to the relationship throug h the excruciating contending that the once want has transformed into. Duffy references ‘hard alcohol' to recommend that the relationship is foolish and has transformed into something that is unfortunate additionally that if love turns out badly it can carry troubles alongside it. Manhunt' is comprised of a progression of couplets.The type of the sonnet makes a feeling of discontinuity and the phases of procedure and search that the storyteller has experienced so as to discover and recuperate their affection. The arrangement of couplets can be viewed as a stepping stool that she is attempting to move to recover love again, similar to the picture of the ‘broken ribs'. Likewise, the rhyme conspire is unpredictable recommending how the quality of the relationship is continually evolving. There is an individual tone to this sonnet as a significant part of the subjects are close to home and it is very conversational, surmising the lady is getting a kick out of the chance to h er better half yet can't get past because of his physical and mental damage.Similarly, ‘Quadric' is organized to mirror the affection in the relationship. This sonnet shapes a wrecked piece, indicating the impacts of the messed up adoration. Duffy may have utilized enjambment between refrains to catch the possibility of steady agony and that she wouldn't like to complete the sentence and the relationship. The procedure of enjambment has been utilized to isolate ‘I'm all' from ‘alone' mirroring the separation the ladies feels. Simon Remarriage fuses numerous delicacy and care descriptive words: ‘mind/hold/join in'.

Metaphysical Explanation for the Number Three :: Philosophy

Powerful Explanation for the Number Three What is the Number Three? While looking at what kind of presence the number three has, it is significant first to see precisely how it exists appropriately in the physical world. As a matter of first importance, the essential presence of number three is anything but an unmistakable presence; one can't stroll through the backwoods and discover threes developing wild with delightful, sleek, copied orange and maroon spotted petals and green leaves. Second of all, the number three can't do anything without anyone else to pronounce its own reality in the physical. In contrast to air, gravity, or time, which are likewise elusive yet at the same time fit for certain physical activities, for example, wind, burning (air), gravitational force (gravity), or circles (time), the number three doesn't have the physical properties important to be identified by the faculties of any earthly being without anyone else. Things being what they are, precisely how does the number three exist? Indeed, it has a mutually dependent presence; with the goal for three to exist, it requires something many refer to as units. Three exists as a use of units, and units can be any current thing with physical properties. The units are what decide the sort of presence three has. In the event that the unit is another application, for example, five, six, or seven, or a variable (a variable happens when the units’ game plan or sum fluctuates, for example, X or Y, at that point the presence isn't yet distinguishable; this just makes another kind of utilization or recipe that requires units with physical legitimacies to be connected to it so as to be identified through the faculties in reality. There are two different ways that three can be utilized as an application to units; it very well may be utilized as far as quantitative estimation or it tends to be utilized as far as successions. Prior I referenced that you can't stroll through the woods and discover threes developing wild. Notwithstanding, you can discover three tiger lilies developing wild. The tiger lilies are the units and three is the application. This is a case of three applied as a quantitative estimation. As such, three is the measure of tiger lilies developing. You can tell there are three tiger lilies in the event that you consider the primary seen one, the second as two, and afterward the third as three, and you see no other tiger lilies other than the ones tallied.

How to Start a Blog on Wordpress

How to Start a Blog on Wordpress As far as blogging platforms go, there is no denying that WordPress is one of the first that comes to mind. It comes highly recommended even by veteran bloggers and industry experts, both for beginners and already experienced users.WordPress is one of the most widely used blogging platforms in the world, powering almost 25% of all the websites and weblogs in the internet today, and that accounts for millions and millions of sites and blogs. © Shutterstock.com | MelpomeneIn this article, we discuss 1) the advantages of using WordPress as a blogging platform, 2) how to start a free blog on WordPress, and 3) how to start a self-hosted blog on WordPress.ADVANTAGES OF USING WORDPRESS AS A BLOGGING PLATFORMAsk professional bloggers and they will give you pretty much the same reasons why WordPress is their choice for a blogging platform. Let us take a look at them one by one.WordPress offers hundreds of themes and a flexible plugin architecture. Design is one of the key points in starting and maintaining a blog. Whether you are setting up a free WordPress blog or a self-hosted one on WordPress, you will have access to hundreds of themes and even more plugins in its own marketplace. Many theme designers create themes specifically for WordPress, so you are bound to find the theme that fits your blog the most. If you want to extend the functionality, look and feel of your blog beyond what was made available in the theme you’ve chosen, then you can take your pick from among the tens of thousands of plugins available.WordPress provides quality support. Through the WordPress support forum, you have access to technical support regarding any problems with WordPress that you may encounter.WordPress is ideal even for non-techie users. You do not have to know rocket science or be knowledgeable about coding in order to start and maintain a blog on WordPress. The Dashboard has a very user-friendly design, so you can easily make changes and effect updates on your blog.WordPress is designed for social media integration. Bloggers naturally would like to take advantage of the features of social media in promoting the content on their blogs. WordPress makes this easy by providing tools that will facilitate this integration with sites such as Google+, Facebook, Twitter, and Pinterest, among others.WordPress is SEO-friendly. SEO may not be your top priority when you are just starting out, but it is good to cover your bas es early on. Fortunately, WordPress is one of the more SEO-friendly platforms around, and you may even add specific plugins to enhance your blog’s SEO. Even the permalink structure is made to be SEO-friendly.WordPress is a trusted platform. WordPress has established a reputation for reliability, which is why audiences tend to find websites and blogs hosted on WordPress to be more credible and professional. Even advertisers look more favorably on WordPress than other platforms, so when you reach the point in the future where you plan to make money out of your blog, you already have a good foundation.WordPress comes with a plethora of features that bloggers will find very useful. They include, but are not limited to:Integrated link managementMultiple categorization of articles or postsTagging of articles or postsFormatting and style options for articles and postsAutomatic filtersTrackback and Pingback features for when another blog or site displays your linksYou can start a blog on WordPress starting with two options: a free blog or a self-hosted one. WordPress.com is the one that provides free blog hosting, while WordPress.org is the software package that allows self-hosting of your blog.Alternatively you can watch our step-by-step guide on how to start your blog using bluehost and wordpress on Youtube. STARTING A FREE BLOG ON WORDPRESSWordPress is an excellent blogging platform for those who want to start a blog without spending a single cent. This is made possible by the blog hosting service WordPress.com, which is powered by the open source WordPress content management system.Free is all well and good, because you get to have a blog without spending anything. But here’s the reality of a free blog on WordPress (and technically all other free blogging platforms): you do not really own the blog. You are simply like a contributor, submitting posts, articles, images, and media to WordPress so they can publish it for public viewing.You are, in effect, blogging on a sub-domain, or on another website â€" one that is not your own. In fact, even your URL or link address will be inseparable with that of the platform. For example, your URL would appear as myblog.wordpress.com.Aside from that not-so-small issue regarding ownership, here are other disadvantages of blogging on a sub-domain of a free blogging platform.A lot of restrictions. WordPress.com will let you use some of its space for free, but you will be subjected to many limitations and restrictions.Less features than WordPress.org. If you are brimming with ideas about your blog, you might end up disappointed when you find yourself unable to bring those ideas to life, because those features are not available in the system. If you are okay with less customization, then you have no problem with setting up a free blog.Pay for a domain name. It is free to start your blog on WordPress.com, but if you want to have your own domain name, so you can be free of the sub-domain giveaway on your URL , you will have to pay a specific amount.If this is your preferred option, you can set up your free WordPress blog in under 5 minutes. Here is a step-by-step guide on how you can go about it.Step #1. Choose a blog name or address that will be used in your URL.Since you are setting up a free blog, you will not be able to remove wordpress from your URL. However, you may opt to pay around $25 annually if you want a custom domain name.When choosing a name for your blog URL, make sure that it is unique, has easy recall, and enables readers to find you easily.Step #2. Register for a WordPress.com account.Go to WordPress.com and click on “SIGN UP”.You will be asked for the blog URL that you have chosen in Step 1. If you did not check the availability of the blog URL beforehand, do not worry. WordPress has a facility that will immediately inform you if your URL is already taken.Choose a username and a password, and input your email address. You may also choose the language you prefer to use. By default, it is set in English. You can change that if you want.Click on “CREATE BLOG”.Check your inbox for the confirmation email sent by WordPress and click on the link to complete the registration process and activate your account.Step #3. Design your blog.Login to your blog using your chosen username and password.Click on the “Dashboard” for you to be directed to the Dashboard, which is your administrator control panel.Choose a theme, or the basic design of the blog.On your dashboard, click on Appearance Themes.You will be directed to the WordPress Theme Library, containing all the themes â€" both free and paid â€" available. Browse through the themes (in keeping with the “free” topic, we will assume that you will choose a free theme instead of a paid one) until you found the one you like. Use the “Live Preview” to get a glimpse of how the theme looks like.Found a theme that you like? Click on that theme and click “SAVE AND ACTIVATE”Modify your blog. At any time during tweaking the look and feel of your blog, you can preview how it will look.Choose a name and tagline that will appear in your blog header. This can be done by going to Settings General.Add widgets by going to Appearance Widgets. You will be presented with a list of widget options for you to choose from. It would be a good idea to prioritize those that you need and will actually use, instead of piling as many widgets as you can on to your blog. This would result in a blog that would look like it’s bursting at the seams. The most common widgets added to blogs, especially in the early stages, include “Follow Blog”, Archives, Like on Facebook, Categories, Tag Cloud, and Meta box.You’re done!Step #4. Start publishing content. Publish your first blog post by clicking on Posts Add New.WordPress.com has in-depth and detailed tutorials on how you can start and maintain your free blog, so even beginners can start working on it.Usually, what many people do is to st art out with a free blog first and, after a while, move to WordPress.org. However, there is no reason why you should not immediately proceed to setting up a self-hosted blog on WordPress when you are already resolved to make a success out of blogging.STARTING A SELF-HOSTED BLOG ON WORDPRESSThis is the more preferred and recommended option. If you are really serious about blogging, and you want your blog to be a success, then you should be willing to invest a little on it.Before we proceed to the steps, let us first go over the reasons why you should start a self-hosted blog instead of going the cheaper route and starting a free blog on WordPress.A self-hosted blog gives you control over your blog. We have already established that you do not really own a free blog on WordPress.com, because you are essentially making use of their space. Thus, you can decide whatever direction your blog wants to take, in terms of its look and feel, and the content.A self-hosted blog does not subject yo u to the many limitations that a free WordPress blog does. Granted, you are still going to be subject to limitations that come with the hosting plan that you chose, but those are considerably less than when you use WordPress.com.A self-hosted blog on WordPress is actually cheaper than when you maintain a free blog and avail of the paid features and upgrades that WordPress.com offers, such as the cost of the domain name, domain mapping, domain privacy, upgrade of storage space for media, premium themes, custom design, and the removal of ads. You are better off using WordPress.org instead.You have decided to spend a little money for the better features, freedom and control that a self-hosted WordPress blog offers. But how will you go about it?Step #1. Choose your domain name and check if it is available.Step #2: Set up an account with a web hosting service provider.Your host will provide the space where you will later install the WordPress software and conduct all your activities in y our blog.There are a number of hosting companies and service providers that you can choose from. However, since we are talking about WordPress, it is highly recommended that you pick from the hosting companies that WordPress is closely affiliated with: SiteGround, Inmotion Hosting, and Bluehost*. Out of these three, Bluehost is the favorite. Its 1-Click WordPress Auto-Install feature definitely staves a lot off the time and effort it usually takes to set up your blog on your web host.There are several plans available on Bluehost, but you are just starting out, so there is nothing wrong with choosing the BASIC plan. You can simply upgrade in the future if and when you need it.Follow the instructions on your chosen webhost when creating an account with them. You will also be asked the domain name that you decided on in Step #1.Step #3. Install WordPress.If you chose Bluehost*, then your life just became much easier. Here is more in-depth article from us describing practical steps to g et your blog installed on WordPress when you self-hosted on Bluehost.Upon confirmation of your account, login to your Bluehost account and proceed to the cpanel.Scroll down to the “Website section” and click on the “INSTALL WORDPRESS” icon.In the next “Wordpress” screen, click on “INSTALL”.Choose the domain where you want to install WordPress, and click on “CHECK DOMAIN”.Click on the “ADVANCED OPTIONS” and input your desired blog title. This is not permanent, since you can change it later.You will be supplied with an Admin username and password by Bluehost.Agree with the Terms and Conditions and click on “INSTALL NOW”.Once the installation is complete, a confirmation screen will appear with your WordPress login URL written as:http://yourdomainname.com/wp-adminYou may be presented with several options that you may opt to purchase or not. You can purchase them now or do so later. We suggest that, as you’re just starting your blog, skip them. You can alway s buy them later on.Keep the Credentials provided for you (you may need them later), such as your blog’s URL, your Login URL, and your username and password. An email will also be sent to you containing these credentials, so make sure you save it.Step #4. Log into WordPress.Login to your WordPress account by clicking on the Admin URL that was provided for you.You may also access it by typing http://yourdomainname.com/wp-admin to the address bar of your browser.You will now be directed to your WordPress Dashboard, or your admin center. It is basically your “control center”.Step #5. Customize your WordPress.Similar to when you set up a free blog on WordPress, you can also navigate your Dashboard to give your self-hosted blog a modified look and feel, just the way you want it.Customizing your WordPress is actually one of the fun parts of starting a blog. Let us talk about how you can customize your WordPress blog.Themes in WordPress.The theme is the overall layout and design of y our blog. It also determines how much your blog will function or is capable of, considering how themes come with a set of features for your site.You may make use of the free themes that are also available for WordPress.com. But if you want more functionality and (again) you do not mind spending money, you may choose from any of the premium themes available in the WordPress marketplace. If you are starting your blog with the intention of making it mobile-ready, there are also a number of mobile-ready themes.WordPress has thousands and thousands of themes in its marketplace. This is ideal for beginner bloggers who do not know the first thing about coding and stuff related to .css and .html.You might end up trying out several themes and test-previewing it until you find the one that you want, or that will fit the blog that you have in mind.Once you have chosen a theme, you can start customizing.Customize your site’s header, background, fonts, and colors.Customize the sidebars by choo sing from the Widgets available.Create custom Menus for easier navigation of your site. This is optional, though. You can learn how to do it when your blog starts to grow.Plugins in WordPress.The themes are already very satisfying, but did you know that you can improve it even more? Yes, you can, with the use of functional tools called plugins. From your Dashboard, go to Plugins Add New. Upload the plugin that you want from your computer’s directory.Take note: your WordPress blog will function even without plugins. However, it will function even better if you add these plugins.Previewing your site before saving the customizations is highly suggested. You can actually check out the effects of every customization you made, so put that preview function to work.Step #6. The last step is writing your first post and publishing it! Publish your first blog post by clicking on Posts Add New.Congratulations! You have just started your blog on WordPress. Happy blogging! Disclosure: Some of the links (marked with *) in this post are “affiliate links.” This means if you click on the link and purchase the item, I will receive an affiliate commission.

300 the Movie Analysis - 645 Words

The movie is based upon a graphic novel by Frank Miller (of comic book fame). They are both based upon a one of the most famous battles in the Persian Wars (492 - 449 BC), The Battle of Thermopylae. The Battle of Thermopylae goes down in history for being one of the most heroic feats of bravery in any war. The Spartan King Leonidas led 300 Spartan warriors in a fight to block the Persian Army from passing into Greece through a two meter wide pass through the mountains of Thermopylae. The Persian army that vastly outnumbered the Spartans was beat back for two days and during those defeats they suffered heavy losses that outweighed the Spartans 20 to 1. All was lost on the third day after a traitor revealed to the Persian King Xexres that†¦show more content†¦I wonder, are the days of King Leonidas gone forever? I can tell you that I cant wait to see the film 300 because the story has really moved me. url 1: http://www.slideshare.net/arpit105/300-lessons-in-strategy-from-the-movie url 2 : http://www.oppapers.com/essays/Leadership-In-Movie-300/214587 How tha hell did 300 spartans beat half a million persians...? There were a few thousand greeks present. They used the terrain to bottleneck the Persain force, making the actual number of Persians they had to fight a perfectly manageable number. †¢ The Spartans lived and breathed war. They learned to fight when they were children, and trained hard for it when they were adults. In addition, their armor, weapons, everything was far superior to what the Persians used. Their swords and spears made short work of the Persians wicker shields. Strategy wise, they were also far superior. The movie 300 was fairly accurate, as to where they fought. Only a small number of persians could come at them at a time. †¢ they were in a narrow pass and they had an almost impenatrable defenese with there shields, they were very well trained (from age 8 taking as a young boy) with 40lb bronze shields persian army had wicker shields (very weak) and were untrained mostly farmers. The spartans only had to swing and stab as the persians came running afterShow MoreRelatedFilm Analysis Of 300 Movie1428 Words   |  6 PagesRichardson History 101 26 September 2017 300 Film Analysis The 300 is a spectacular movie designed to provide the viewer with a sense of excitement and anticipation. The movie is loosely based on past events with Sparta and their conflict with Persia, back in 480 BC. And while the movie is founded on a historical event, there are many historical inaccuracies throughout the film. These inaccuracies are created to add depth and new excitement to the movie, but also gives the viewer a false understandingRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie 300 The Battle Of Thermopylae 1560 Words   |  7 PagesIn Zack Snyder’s 300, the battle of Thermopylae, the life of the Spartans and the glory of war comes to life on the big screen for all audiences worldwide. The movie, 300, released in 2006 is based on the graphic novel written by Frank Miller, 300. The movie focuses on the use of the Classical past to portray everything from the upbringing of a Spartan to the bravery of King Leonidas and the 300 Spartans on the battle fields of Thermopylae against the mighty Persians. Unlike most Hollywood moviesRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie 300 By Frank Miller1270 Words   |  6 Pages Hollywood is not known for producing films which are necessarily historically accurate, and the film 300 produced by Zack Snyder continues this trend. Even though all historical inaccuracies in the film were intentional, the film better depicts the novel â€Å"300†, written by Frank Miller, than history itself. The reason people today know anything about the battle between the Persians and Spartans is due to an ancient Greek historian named Herodotus. His documentation of the war can be found in hisRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie 300 By Frank Miller And Lynn Varley925 Words   |  4 Pages The movie 300 is about King Leonidas of Sparta and a force of 300 men fighting against the Persians at Thermopylae in 480 B.C. (300) This movie is based on the novel â€Å"300† written by Frank Miller and Lynn Varley. (Frank Miller 300 Movie vs. 300 Spartans History - Battle of Thermopylae) But, how much of the movie corresponds to what it was really like in 480 B.C. with the battle in Thermopylae. According to historians, Leonidas is deliberated as one of the renowned potentates of Sparta, whoRead MoreEng 225 Week 5 Film Critique Final Paper New831 Words   |  4 Pagesvarious elements of film such as theme, cinematic techniques, and genre. It is now time to combine those elements into a comprehensive analysis of one movie. You will be completing this assignment in two stages: for the first stage (1500 to 1800 words), you will analyze an entire movie; in the second stage (300 to 600 words), you will reflect on how you analyzed the movie as well as how your ability to analyze film in general has evolved. You are encouraged to incorporate writing from your Week TwoRead MoreEng 225 Week 5 Film Critique Final Paper836 Words   |  4 Pagesvarious elements of film such as theme, cinematic techniques, and genre. It is now time to combine those elements into a comprehensive analysis of one movie. You will be completing this assignment in two stages: for the first stage (1500 to 1800 words), you will analyze an entire movie; in the second stage (300 to 600 words), you will reflect on how you analyzed the movie as well as how your ability to analyze film in general has evolved. You are encouraged to incorporate writing from your Week TwoRead MoreHistorical Film Analysis : The 3001139 Words   |  5 PagesHistorical Film Analysis: the 300 The 300 is a fictional retelling of Herodotus’s account of the Battle of Thermopylae from the perspective of Leonidas I and his fellow Spartans. The film is based on a comic book of the same name and is a live action, shot-by-shot visualization of said comic. 300 utilizes stunning two-dimensional graphics and dramatic lighting and camera angles to make the film look more like a moving comic. Both the film and its literary counterpart are full of historical inaccuraciesRead MoreWeek 5- Final Film Critique1421 Words   |  6 Pagesthat Star Wars is one of the most impactful films of all time, having changed the movie-making game ever since it premiered in 1977. It quickly became a global phenomenon and has accumulated some of the most passionate fans in the universe. Star Wars: Episode IV - A New Hope is a great example to use in order to illustrate the properties discussed throughout the course. In this paper, I will analyze the entire movie. To begin, I will start by givi ng some basic information about the motion pictureRead MoreBlockbuster Business Analysis1092 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Table of contents 1 Introduction The rental movie market is a high competitive and dynamic market, dominated for several years by Blockbuster, with its pioneer business model of delivering convenience to the costumers looking for home entertainment. The company was a model for the industry during the 80’s, 90’s, but with the new age of online movies, the consumer behavior changed drastically, and other companies, as Netflix and Redbox, providing online content and innovativeRead MoreMotion Picture Industry1157 Words   |  5 PagesAnalysis: Ch.2 #1 - The motion picture industry is a competitive industry. Each year, more than 50 studios produce a total of 300 to 400 new motion pictures. This managerial report is based on data collected for a sample of 100 motion pictures produced in 2005 and will evaluate the financial success of these motion pictures by using 4 major variables – (A) Opening Gross Sales, (B) Total Gross Sales, (C) Number of Theaters, and (D) Weeks in Top 60. (A) Opening Gross Sales−this variable indicates

Flower Drum Song By O. Y. Lee - 1468 Words

Carlo Castaneda Professor Clark American Studies 23 November 2015 In Flower Drum Song Flower Drum Song was based on the 1957 novel, The Flower Drum Song, by Chinese-American author C. Y. Lee. It was the eighth stage musical by the team of Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II. The piece opened in 1958 on Broadway and was subsequently made into a 1961 musical film. The team hired Gene Kelly (famous for Singin’ in the Rain) to make his debut as a stage director with the musical and scoured the country for their cast. With the exception of Juanita Hall (who also starred in Rodgers Hammerstein’s South Pacific), the main cast is mostly Asian. Anna May Wong was actually set to return to Hollywood with the role of Auntie Liang in Flower†¦show more content†¦This dichotomy reinforces the orientalist notion of the West as male and the East as the female. But, despite these differences, they both share a crucial value: preserving the patriarchal system, even if it results in their own commodification. When analyzed in the barest of terms, both of these women want to get married, and their actions steer them towards that objective. Incidentally, in striving toward that goal, they become things, not people. Mei Li allows herself to be inspected like an animal or manufactured product, and Linda’s song â€Å"I Enjoy Being a Girl† places the utmost importance on her appearance, not her personality or intellect. Race Representation and the Generation Gap One way that representation of race manifests itself in Flower Drum Song is through a generation gap: the older versus newer generation. If we compare Ta to his father, there is a clear distinction in both their dress and their speech. Ta wears American suits and ties while Master Wang wears stereotypical Chinese garb. He even â€Å"accidentally† burns his suit when he is forced to wear one. Wang also holds on to a more traditional way of doing things. He is hesitant to put his money in the bank, and when his sister in-law finally convinces him to do so, he is unaware of how to behave in such a contemporary western setting and sets off the alarm, momentarily creating a frenzy. His scenes with his younger son areShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesIncident 1 Computerized Decision Making 194 Case Incident 2 Predictions That Didn’t Quite Pan Out 195 7 Motivation Concepts 201 Defining Motivation 202 Early Theories of Motivation 203 Hierarchy of Needs Theory 203 †¢ Theory X and Theory Y 205 †¢ Two-Factor Theory 205 †¢ McClelland’s Theory of Needs 207 Contemporary Theories of Motivation 208 Self-Determination Theory 208 †¢ Job Engagement 211 †¢ Goal-Setting Theory 212 †¢ Self-Efficacy Theory 215 †¢ Reinforcement Theory 218 †¢ Equity Theory/OrganizationalRead MoreSocial Media Business Model Analysis - Case Tencent, Facebook, and Myspace34799 Words   |  140 Pagesturned to for connecting with loved ones throughout the emergency is posting to their social media accounts. It is said that the number of tweets (Twitter messages) from Tokyo has 1200 per minute less than one hour after the quake according to Tweet-o-Meter. Meanwhile, Facebook also showed related updates of Japan’s activity were high too. The most of social media sites nowadays like Facebook, Youtube, Twitter, Bebo, Myspace, LinkedIn, Orkut, e tc are free of charge to registration. Presently, thoseRead MoreSocial Media Business Model Analysis - Case Tencent, Facebook, and Myspace34799 Words   |  140 Pagesturned to for connecting with loved ones throughout the emergency is posting to their social media accounts. It is said that the number of tweets (Twitter messages) from Tokyo has 1200 per minute less than one hour after the quake according to Tweet-o-Meter. Meanwhile, Facebook also showed related updates of Japan’s activity were high too. The most of social media sites nowadays like Facebook, Youtube, Twitter, Bebo, Myspace, LinkedIn, Orkut, etc are free of charge to registration. Presently, thoseRead MoreInnovators Dna84615 Words   |  339 Pagesfeel the same way once you’ve finished reading about and mastering the skills of a disruptive innovator. 100092 00a 001-014 INT r1 go.qxp 5/13/11 9:53 AM Page 14 100092 01 015-040 r1 go.qxp 5/13/11 9:56 AM Page 15 PA R T O N E Disruptive Innovation Starts with You 100092 01 015-040 r1 go.qxp 5/13/11 9:56 AM Page 16 100092 01 015-040 r1 go.qxp 5/13/11 9:56 AM Page 17 1 The DNA of Disruptive Innovators â€Å"I want to put a ding in the universe

Solenoids †Physics coursework Free Essays

Solenoids Permanent Magnet- Magnetic Field. http://www.diracdelta. We will write a custom essay sample on Solenoids – Physics coursework or any similar topic only for you Order Now co.uk/science/source/m/a/magnetic%20field/source.html Magnets have two poles called North and South. Similar (like) magnetic poles repel. Unlike magnetic poles attract. A magnet attracts a piece of iron. The most important of the two properties of attraction and repulsion is repulsion. The only way to tell if an object is magnetised is to see if it repels another magnetised object. The strength and direction of a magnetic field is represented by magnetic field lines. Field lines by convention go from North to South. A magnetic field is three-dimensional, although this is not often seen on a drawing of magnetic field lines. Electromagnets A magnetic field exists around all wires carrying a current. When there is no current the compass needles in the diagram shown line up with the Earth’s magnetic field. A current through the wire produces a circular magnetic field. See what happens when there is a current in the wire. The magnetic field for a coil of wire is shown below. The magnetic fields from each of the turns in the coil add together, so the total magnetic field is much stronger. This produces a field which is similar to that of a bar magnet. A coil of wire like this is often called a solenoid. http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/standard/physics/using_electricity/movement_from_electricity/revision/1/slideshow-1/2/ An electromagnet consists of a coil of wine, through which a current can be passed, wrapped around a soft iron core. This core of magnetic material increases the strength of the field due to the coil. ‘Soft’ iron is easily magnetised, and easy to demagnetise- it does not retain its magnetism after the current is switched off. Steel, on the other hand, is hard to magnetise and demagnetise, and so it retains in magnetism. It is used for permanent magnets. The strength of an electromagnet depends on: The size of the current flowing through the coil The number of turns in the coil The material inside of the coil Heinmann physics Domains – http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/solids/ferro.html#c4 Ferromagnetic materials exhibit a long-range ordering phenomenon at the atomic level which causes the unpaired electron spins to line up parallel with each other in a region called a domain. Within the domain, the magnetic field is intense, but in a bulk sample the material will usually be unmagnetized because the many domains will themselves be randomly oriented with respect to one another. The main implication of the domains is that there is already a high degree of magnetization in ferromagnetic materials within individual domains, but that in the absence of external magnetic fields those domains are randomly oriented. A modest applied magnetic field can cause a larger degree of alignment of the magnetic moments with the external field, giving a large multiplication of the applied field. Ferromagnetism Iron, nickel, cobalt and some of the rare earths (gadolinium, dysprosium) exhibit a unique magnetic behavior which is called ferromagnetism because iron (ferrum in Latin) is the most common and most dramatic example. How to cite Solenoids – Physics coursework, Papers

Agricultural and Environmental Ethics System †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Agricultural and Environmental Ethics System. Answer: Introduction The retail industry in Australia is a very competitive one and the different companies need to ensure that they always strategize their moves so that the company remains in a suitable position throughout. The given report will be highlighting the marketing environment of the Coles supermarket situated in Yarraville (Aghdaie Alimardani, 2015). The report will first briefly describe the Yarraville Coles Supermarket with reference to the area it is situated in and the kind of crowd it caters to. That will be followed by an Industry analysis of the supermarket in Australia using the Michael Porters Five Forces Model. An external environment analysis will also be given followed by the positioning and segmentation strategy of the firm. The chosen company for the given assignment is the Coles Supermarket situated at Yarraville. Yarraville is a western suburb situated near Melbourne, Australia which is around 6 kilometers away from the Central Business District of Melbourne. The suburb has a population of 15000. The Yarraville Coles Supermarket is situated at Williamstown Rd High St, Yarraville VIC 3013, and Australia. The restaurant serves various products that are generally served in all supermarkets (Coles Supermarkets., 2018).It offers various discounts to its customers and offers home delivery service as well. Their main motive is to provide good quality products at affordable prices. Industry analysis and market trends The industry analysis of Coles Supermarkets in the Yarraville suburb will be undertaken using the Porter Five Forces Analysis (Andaleeb, 2016). The Porters Five forces is an analytical tool which assess the position of the industry and how they are affected by one another: Bargaining Power of Buyers: The bargaining power of the buyer in the given industry is generally very high. This is because of the presence of a large number of stores and supermarkets which help the consumers to attain the basic items important for necessity. As the customers are open to the wide range of options, their power is generally high. Bargaining Power of Suppliers: In the Australian supermarket industry, the bargaining power of the suppliers is generally very high (Beneke Trappler, 2015). This is because the market is highly concentrated and there are big players present in the market. Threats of New Entry: The threat of new entrants in the Australian supermarket industry is generally low. This is because, the industry is dominated by large players and they make it difficult for the firms to penetrate in the given industry and form barriers for them. Rivalry among Existing Firms: The competition and rivalry among the industry is cut throat and brutal. The major players are Woolworths, Coles, Wal-Mart and Wesfarmers. This leads to intense discounts being offered by the Supermarkets and existence of price wars. Threat of Substitute: The products sold by these supermarkets are essential products and there are no alternatives available. For this reason the threat of substitutes is comparatively low. PEST Analysis The PEST analysis analyses the factors that tend to have an impact on the performance of the industry or on the company at large. Factors Importance Political The competition policy which has been introduced by the Federal Government in Australia. The given competition policy prevents the major independent players like Coles and Woolworths to enter into completion. The primary reason behind this is that the small companies suffer a blow. Economical There has been a decline in the economic market conditions in Australia which has lead to a problem in the performance of the Coles group.. This is because there has been a decline in the economic activity of the countries which has further weakened the Australian dollars. Socio-economical The socio economical aspect of the Australian supermarket industry is that the customers generally prefer companies which have a higher corporate responsibility. And thus the retail companies are under the pressure of performing such initiatives (Chhetri et al., 2017). Technological The technological factors affecting the given industry are application of environmental friendly technology and the increased use of automated machines. Also, the increase fever of online websites have affected the company and the industry as a whole The results of the PEST analysis state that the retail supermarket industry in Australia is undergoing various changes and that changes have had a profound impact on the performance of the various companies within the country. The newly stated policy by the Australian government has bought about intense pressure on the government and this has lead to a pressure on the Coles group as now they will have to face competition from the smaller firms (Culley et al. 2017). The economic downturn of the country has also had an effect on the performance of the firm. Furthermore, the socio economic pressure on the industry also brings about immense pressure on the firms. The trend of online shopping has also affected the operations of the firm. Competitors analysis Competitor analysis can be described as an important aspect that a company needs to conduct in order to be aware of the different competitors from whom a business can expect a certain degree of rivalry. . The competitor analysis of Coles Group in Yarraville with other supermarkets has been given as follows: Supermarkets Woolworths Coles Advertising The advertisement campaigns of Woolworths have been noteworthy since the very beginning. They engage in various mediums to market their product. Earlier, the marketing and advertisement strategy of the Coles supermarket was not at par with the Woolworths`s . However, the company has started using similar ways of advertisement. Offers Woolworths offers various discounts on the product it sells. Many products are almost priced half during the offer season. Coles does not have any give offers which are as great as Woolworths, however they price their goods reasonably with Four Meals priced below $10 (Neirotti, Raguseo Paolucci, 2016). Promotion Woolworths implements various promotion strategies like Club Card, exchange offers, home delivery servicing and others. The promotional aspect of Woolworths is one of its strongest key points (Khedher, 2014). Coles group offers various promotional like Woolworths. The supermarket has a loyalty program , after signing up to which the customers receive huge discounts on various products. Price The price at Woolworths is very reasonable however for some products, it is higher than that of its competitors like ALDI and Coles (Malik, Sudhakar Rahman, 2016). Coles prices its products similar to that of Woolworths , however its prices are never higher than its competitors . Products Woolworths offers a wide range of products ranging from all consumer essential goods to grocery as well. Coles has an offering similar to that of the Woolworth Location Woolworths has more stores than Coles Located at all convenient locations, but not as many as that of Woolworths. Therefore, from the given analysis it can be stated that Coles is doing well and adopting a similar strategy to succeed in the market just like its competitors. However, the company needs to adopt a strategy which is unique to gain the market share. The major market segments of the Coles group at Yarraville have been given as follows: The quick shoppers- These are the consumer segments who want to complete their shopping as quickly as possible. They have been shopping with the firm for a long time and for this reason, they would prefer that they can be done with the shopping as quickly as possible (Chhetri et al. 2017). They keep busy and would prefer if the products are laid out in a manner such that it is easier for them to make the purchases. The budgeted shoppers- These shoppers are on a strict budget and would like to buy products which are generally priced low. They tend to shop in the beginning of the month where the prices are low. Smart shoppers- This market segment buys products based on great bargaining deals. They are smart in their decisions and make their purchases based on bargaining deals and discounts. The lazy shoppers- The lazy shoppers are the group of shoppers who shop for the leisure of it. They are not concerned about the offers or the discounts but would like to buy what appeals to their eye (Kumar Singal Kumar Jain, 2014). A good shelf decoration would be good for this group. Quality conscious- The quality conscious customers are generally gourmet oriented and prefer all good products and they are willing to pay premium prices (Patti et al., 2017). To satisfy this segment this company should stock good quality products. Variety conscious- These shoppers like to compare and buy their products. Hence, to appeal to the given segment the company should, include in stocking more products. Primary and secondary markets Primary Markets Secondary Markets Budget shoppers Lazy shoppers Quality conscious Variety conscious Smart shoppers From the given table it can be witnessed that the company aims to provide services to the given consumers, however the priority and markets have been divided accordingly. The primary markets are the Quality conscious customers, smart shoppers, budget shoppers (Heinberg, Ozkaya Taube, 2017). The company aims to offer high quality goods at premium prices as well as good quality products at comparatively low prices. The company also has certain offers for the smart buyers. Its secondary market has to segments which are the lazy shoppers who just shop at their convenience and are not bothered about the prices (Sebri Zaccour, 2017). The variety conscious customers are also the secondary target market of the Coles supermarket at Yarraville. Level of involvement and decision making The level of involvement primarily refers to the fact how customers are a factor in determining the prices of the products. There are two main kinds of customer involvements, ranging from high to low (Wang, 2015). When customers have a high level of involvement then their input is generally taken for decision making. On the other hand, if their level of involvement is low, then they do not form a part of the decision making process (Haskelberg et al., 2016). In the given scenario of Coles supermarkets, the power of the buyers or popularity termed as the customers is very high. The given fact was realized in the Michael porters Analysis, and it was observed that the customers play a big role in the industry and that their power is quite high. It is because of this, their choices and preferences form the basis of the various decisions taken by the group. The customers are exposed to a wide variety of choices and it is for this reason that they generally prefer to have goods at their co nvenient prices and varieties. Hence, it can be stated that their involvement level is very high. The given perpetual map is based on market research and from the given map it can be understood that the firm generally caters to the budgeted population and the smart buyers who tend to offer high quality goods at comparatively low prices. The major competitors of the company are Tesco, ALDI and Woolworths (Rundle-Thiele, Dietrich Kubacki, 2017). In the high quality, low price segment , Coles received direct competition from Tesco. However the given supermarket is not present in convenient locations and the Coles group has an advantage in this scenario. For customers on a budget and who like to buy smart, Coles group is a convenience based supermarket offering good quality at affordable prices. The given statement reflects the main motto of the group and how it aims to offer the customers goods at convenient prices (Scrinis, Parker Carey, 2017). Conclusion Therefore from the given analysis it can be stated that the Coles Group at Yarraville has an advantage as it is the only supermarket in its area offering good quality at convenient prices. The competition policy by the government may have an impact on the pricing of the firm, but Coles can adopt other strategies and redefine its segmentation. The advertising and marketing strategy of the firm has improved considerably which continues to raise the brand name. References Aghdaie, M. H., Alimardani, M. (2015). Target market selection based on market segment evaluation: a multiple attribute decision making approach.International Journal of Operational Research,24(3), 262-278. Andaleeb, S. S. (2016). Market Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning. InStrategic Marketing Management in Asia: Case Studies and Lessons across Industries(pp. 179-207). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Beneke, J., Trappler, E. (2015). The might of the brand: A comparative analysis of brand prevalence in an emerging market setting.British Food Journal,117(2), 485-505. Chhetri, P., Kam, B., Hung Lau, K., Corbitt, B., Cheong, F. (2017). Improving service responsiveness and delivery efficiency of retail networks: A case study of Melbourne.International Journal of Retail Distribution Management,45(3), 271-291. Coles Supermarkets. (2018).Coles.com.au. Retrieved 10 April 2018, from https://www.coles.com.au Culley, B., Graham, J., Kay, G., Norberry, J., Wilson, S. (2017). Digital Marketing Plan: Naked Wines Australia.Newcastle Business School Student Journal,1(1), 68-89. Haskelberg, H., Neal, B., Dunford, E., Flood, V., Rangan, A., Thomas, B., ... Gill, T. (2016). High variation in manufacturer-declared serving size of packaged discretionary foods in Australia.British Journal of Nutrition,115(10), 1810-1818. Heinberg, M., Ozkaya, H. E., Taube, M. (2017). The influence of global and local iconic brand positioning on advertising persuasion in an emerging market setting.Journal of International Business Studies,48(8), 1009-1022. Khedher, M. (2014). Personal branding phenomenon.International journal of information, business and management,6(2), 29. Kumar Singal, A., Kumar Jain, A. (2014). Emerging market firms: measuring their success with strategic positioning maps.Journal of Business Strategy,35(1), 20-28. Malik, A., Sudhakar, B. D., Rahman, M. S. (2016). Brand positioning constructs and indicators for measurement of consumer's positive psychology toward brands.Indian Journal of Positive Psychology,7(1), 124. Neirotti, P., Raguseo, E., Paolucci, E. (2016). Are customers reviews creating value in the hospitality industry? Exploring the moderating effects of market positioning.International Journal of Information Management,36(6), 1133-1143. Patti, C. H., Hartley, S. W., van Dessel, M. M., Baack, D. W. (2017). Improving integrated marketing communications practices: A comparison of objectives and results.Journal of Marketing communications,23(4), 351-370. Rundle-Thiele, S., Dietrich, T., Kubacki, K. (2017). Why We Need Segmentation When Designing Social Marketing Programs. InSegmentation in Social Marketing(pp. 197-214). Springer, Singapore. Scrinis, G., Parker, C., Carey, R. (2017). The Caged Chicken or the Free-Range Egg? The Regulatory and Market Dynamics of Layer-Hen Welfare in the UK, Australia and the USA.Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics,30(6), 783-808. Sebri, M., Zaccour, G. (2017). Cross-country differences in private-label success: An exploratory approach.Journal of Business Research,80, 116-126. Statista.com. (2018). Statista - The Statistics Portal for Market Data, Market Research and Market Studies. Retrieved 10 April 2018, from https://www.statista.com/ Trappler, E. (2015). The might of the brand.British Food Journal,117(2), 485-505. Urde, M., Koch, C. (2014). Market and brand-oriented schools of positioning.Journal of Product Brand Management,23(7), 478-490. Wang, C. H. (2015). A market-oriented approach to accomplish product positioning and product recommendation for smart phones and wearable devices.International Journal of Production Research,53(8), 2542-2553.

Restrictive/ non restrictive interventions free essay sample

This is a form of intervention, which usually aims to prevent the movement of an individual or to move them from a dangerous incident. This can be by bodily contact or by moving of the environment eg: closing doors. Its stops the person from freely moving. It has risks to both those who use this method, those who you use this method on if not done correctly, and those around. Non-restrictive interventions – removing the item etc. that may cause the person stress and anxiety. HSC 3045- 1. 3/1. 4 Four categories of challenging behavior/ physical intervention: Restraint Holding Positive touching Presence HSC 3045-1. 3/1. 4 Restrictive interventions are not to be used as a regular tool for managing behavior and there is a lot of guidance on when and how these can be used. E. g,‘guidance on the use of reasonable force’, available at the Department of Education, and the Challenging Behavior Foundation. Challenging behaviors may include repetitive/obsessive, withdrawn, aggressive, self-injurious, disruptive, anti-social or illegal, verbally abusive. We will write a custom essay sample on Restrictive/ non restrictive interventions or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page HSC 3045 1. 6 Restraint: Defined as the positive application of force with the intention of overpowering a child. Practically, this means any measure, or tecnique designed to completely restrict a child’s mobility or to prevent a child from leaving, for example: Any technique involving a child being held on the floor (‘prone facedown’ techniques may not be used in any circumstances) Any technique which involves the child being held by two or more people Any technique involving a child being held by one person if the balance of power is so great that the child is effectively over powered. Eg, where an adult is holding the child under the age of ten. Locking or bolting a door in order to contain or prevent a child from leaving The significant distinction between this first category and the others 1. Restraint is defined as the positive application of force with the intention of over powering a child. The intention is to over power the child, completely restriction the child’s mobility. The other categories include/provide the child with varying degrees of freedom and mobility. 2. Holding: This includes anything, any measure or technique which involved the child being held firmly by one person, so long as the child retains a degree of mobility and can leave if determined enough. Positive touching: This includes minimum contact in order to lead, guide, usher or block a child; applied in a manner, which permits the child, quite a lot of freedom and mobility. 4. Presence: A form of control using no contact, such as standing in front of a child or obstructing a door way to negotiate with the child; but allowing the child the freedom to leave if they wish www. proceduresonline. com/greatermnchester/childcare/bur/chapters/pphysint. html HSC 3045-1. 6 When restrictive interventions may/not be used. Only trained members of staff should use this. It can be used to: Diffuse situations e. g. to separate a person from a trigger To protect others e. g. children and young people, staff members Prevent damage to property It must not be used: As a punishment With self harmers There are planned interventions and unplanned interventions. The tecniques used must be appropriate to the behaviors displayed and the individual child. HSC 3045-1. 4 Restrictive interventions are serious and you need to protect both the child from harm and yourself from allegations. It is therefore extremely important that you follow procedures for reporting and recording the use of restrictive and physical interventions. EXPLAIN WHO NEEDS TO BE INFORMED OF ANY INCIDENTS WHERE RESTRICTIVE INTERVENTIONS HAVE BEEN USED Manager Social worker All staff Physiotherapist Behavior officer Parents Health and safety officer Children in the class Task 3 HSC- 1. 5 WHY USE THE LEAST RESTRCTIVE INTERVENTIONS To model behavior and to promote positive behavior Will avoid making situations escalate Prevents risk of damage to a child physically or mentally, especially if a child has learning difficulties or has suffered abuse Gives the child/young person more decency and respect, therefore they will respect you SAFEGURDS IN PLACE You must consider alternative methods first There should be a trained member of staff dealing with the situation You must have a policy and adhere to the correct procedures There should be two staff always, probably one observing the child’s behavior. A plan with both the parent and the child must be agreed on how to deal with this You must avoid contact with sensitive body parts You should not put a child face down HSC 3045-2. 1 Proactive- Before something happens Reactive- After it has happened HSC 3045 – 2. 2/2. 3 The teacher plans her lesson thoroughly to provide continuous stability and routine. Staff build trust with the pupils in order to make them less anxious We have class rules and class consequences We provide resources that are accessible by all abilities There are times in the classroom that we will need to use reactive strategies: Some children may require a subtle or correction when sitting on the carpet for circle time. I usually stop what I am doing and ask, â€Å" Are you ok Child A? † When I notice that a child is about to do something or is in the middle of doing something wrong, I raise my eyebrows and they usually move on and stop what they are doing. Some reactive strategies may require some form of physical intervention in order to keep the child and other around safe. For example; I was given a one on one role on a school outing and was responsible for the safety of and Autistic child. We were crossing a main road and he stopped half way across. He did not respond to verbal command so I had to lift him across the road against his will.

Comparison of Apocalypse Now and Heart of Darkness essays

Comparison of Apocalypse Now and Heart of Darkness essays Apocalypse Now and Heart of Darkness share parallel characters, ideas and dialogues, but most important is the distinct similarity between central themes. Each deals with the primitive, animalistic qualities stifled within the modern, refined man which will emerge indefinitely in the absence of civilization. The Kurtz's from each work abandon society and become engrossed in the primitive ways of the jungle, rediscovering their basest human instincts. On a superficial level, one could compare the characters of Heart of Darkness to those of Apocalypse Now. Marlow, on his downriver journey in Africa is a parallel to Willard, on his assassination mission on the river in Vietnam. Each man is on an intrinsic journey as well as a physical one, finding spiritual enlightenment in the darkest of places. The Kurtz's are obvious parallels, not only appellatively but also behaviorally, in that they feed on their instincts and desert their learned morals. Although both men are high-ranked military prodigies, the high attained from being coveted as a god among the natives causes them to depart from their ethics. Even the most minor characters, such as Phillips and Phillips and the Russian and the photojournalist are parallel. In both works, Kurtz is seen as the rebel. He has broken off from the rest of society and rebelled from the mores that had been imposed upon him, living by his instincts. The disenfranchised can be seen as the native Africans who are treated like animals and worked to death in camps in Heart of Darkness , and the civilian Cambodians in Apocalypse Now . In both works we see a genius turn rebel, choosing to join in the lives of the disenfranchised in order to be worshipped as a deity. There are also similarities within the dialogues of the novel and the movie.I don't want to bother you much with what happened to me personally?yet to understand the effect of it on me you ought to know how I got out there, what I saw...

The Portrayal of Asian Males in D. W. Griffiths Broken Blossoms Movie Review

The Portrayal of Asian Males in D. W. Griffiths Broken Blossoms - Movie Review Example The film Broken Blossoms perpetuates this stereotype by portraying the Asian male as submissive and weak. Broken Blossoms was released in 1919, during the growth of the yellow peril, a social perspective that rose from the influx of Asian immigration into the United States and some European countries. In America, the yellow peril originated during the late 19th century as Asian laborers immigrated in record numbers to San Francisco to work for the railroads and culminated in Japan's bombing of Pearl Harbor which forced America to get involved with World War II. Marchetti writes, Within the context of America's consistently ambivalent attitudes to Native Americans, Hispanics, and African Americans, and other peoples of color, the yellow peril has contributed to the notion that all nonwhite people are by nature physically and mentally inferior, morally suspect, heathen, licentious, disease-ridden, feral, violent, uncivilized, infantile, and in need of guidance of white Anglo-Saxon Protestants. (2-3) America used the stereotype of the yellow peril to at firs... In Broken Blossoms, the Asian male is not only portrayed as being weaker then the Anglo Saxon male, he also must be punished for transgressing cultural boundaries by falling in love with a white woman. In the beginning of the film, the Yellow Man is seen sitting against a wall, depressed, and hugging himself. Already, the film is portraying him as mentally inferior to the white man by having him in a feminized position, since it is culturally understood that the woman becomes sad and depressed, not the male. The Yellow Man is also shown to be an opium smoking drug addicted gambler, again feeding into the Anglo Saxon stereotype of the Asian male as depraved and morally suspect. Then we meet the white male, Battling Burrow, who is a literal symbol of the raw strength of the Anglo Saxon male. The contrast between the two males is startling; the Asian male is morally corrupt and feminized while the Anglo Saxon male is a physical powerhouse of raw brute strength. When the white female, Lucy, goes shopping and stops before the Yellow Man's store, he becomes infatuated with her and begins to follow her around town. This is biggest threat to the white patriarchal society; having an inferior male mating with a white woman. When Lucy comes home, she is beaten by her father for serving his tea late, but the symbolic message is that she must be punished for attracting the attentions of the Yellow Man. The Yellow Man takes Lucy into his apartment to nurse her after her beating. The Yellow Man is further feminized in the eyes of the audience by participating in the female practice of nursing and by showering Lucy with flowers and silk. That he owns such things as silk fabric shows again how the Asian male is not

Information Systems and Business Processes Essay

Information Systems and Business Processes - Essay Example This approach will affect the revenue and cost of running the video game business (Halpin at el., 2011). Additionally, it will allow proper understanding and incorporation of the management approach since the business strategic assets as a process will allow the managers to understand, improve, and manage value-adding services to the clients or children. Business information systems are usually applied in the business processes to provide required information in delivering services to the clients. The advancement in the internet provides services provide a perfect platform for the business information systems to be used effective and interactively in service delivery (Brocke and Rosemann, 2010). Therefore, in the video game business, the internet will be used to source the information from the clients or children and the service or game provider (Dumas, 2013). Additionally, the business will apply the computer technology or the already readily available software for billing and timin g the game. The use of these technologies will ensure that even distribution time to all games is achieved. Additionally, the same software will enable the business to calculate its profits or losses as it is expected that the system will register all times used per computer. Notably, effective application of the timing and billing technology of the video games per video game will reduce cost of running the business since only one employee may be able to run all the computers in the rooms from a central point. Moreover, there will be increased efficiency and effectiveness in running the business. However, a challenge may emerge when (Halpin at el., 2011); the entrusted employee to the business learns a new technique or mode of adjusting time to these systems. In essence, if that occurs, then losses may be registered without knowing since calculations of time and cumulative amount generated in the business will be calculated from coded data. When such may be the case, then the busine ss plans to incorporate additional data point that is only known to the business owner (Dumas, 2013). This data storage point must code the same information as that managed by the employee; however, edition of such information must never affect its data. Additionally, the systems using internet are usually pound to virus threats. To ensure that all the games are accessible effectively and efficiently at all times to the clients, the business shall ensure that it is abreast with all antivirus software among other new technologies in the market that protect it products and services from being effective to the clients (Halpin at el., 2011). To ensure that children do not misuse the internet by login into antisocial site, the business will use internet technological software or knowledge to ensure that such site are not accessible within its servers (Halpin at el., 2011). Additionally, the business shall ensure that only its programs can operate through its products or computer systems (Brocke and Rosemann, 2010). Therefore, to ensure that this is achieved and children maintain high morals without being unethical and antisocial within the business enterprise, complicated software such as the windows 2008 will be installed so children can only access limited applications. Nonetheless, the use of such complicated software will also increase creativity and critical thinking of the

DNA Based Biosensor in Diagnosis: A Review

DNA Based Biosensor in Diagnosis: A Review The advent of fast and easy DNA testing has given the space for the Science to develop small and easy-to-handle equipments called Biosensors. DNA based biosensors have been proven very useful and are accorded with much importance in detecting the target genes responsible for diseases. This article enlists different types of biosensors, their basic principle of operating system, the preparation of DNA microarrays, lab-on-a-chip and their role in diseases diagnosis. DNA biosensors provide swift, sensitive, selective, simple and economical detection of DNA hybridization. New strategies for DNA biosensor are enumerated and are used meticulously in recent trends and for future directions. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) amplify the electrochemical signal when used with DNA hybridization. Electrochemical, piezoelectric, SPR, optical DNA biosensors are used to detect various viruses like hepatitis virus, HCMV, HIV, orthopox virus etc. and also for the diagnosis of various diseases like cancer, tube rculosis, COPD, genetic diseases (sickle cell anemia i.e. due to single point gene mutation), cystic fibrosis, diabetes etc. The methodologies of detecting such diseases using different types of DNA based biosensors and gene chips are described in this article. PCR free DNA chips, cell- omic sensors and nanosensor are emerging tools in the field of diagnosis. Recent advances in developing such devices provide myriads of new opportunities for DNA diagnostics. Introduction A rapidly developing area of biotechnology arousing intense scientist interest is that of biosensor. Biosensor has become popular in the field of food analysis [1], bioterrorism [3], environmental [2-3] and in the area of human health monitoring and diagnostics [4-6]. Recent advances are being mad in all areas of biosensors technology. Presently, most fascinating and prospective sensors are immunosensors based on affinity reactions between antibody and antigens and DNA biosensors based on the hybridization between DNA probes and their complementary DNA strands. In general, biosensor is an analytical device which employs biological recognition properties for a selective analysis. Such sensors combine a biological element with a physiochemical transducer for the electronic signal output which is proportional to the concentration of analytes [7]. A basic biosensor assembly includes a biological element, transducer and detector. The sensing material may be antibodies, enzymes, whole cell or nucleic acids that form a recognition layer which is integrated with the transducer via immobilization by cross linking, adsorption or covalent binding. Transducers may be amperometric (measuring the current at constant potential) [8], potentiometric (measuring the potential at constant current) [9], piezoelectric (measuring the changes in mass), thermal (measuring the changes in temperature) [10] or optical (detects changes in transmission of light) [11]. The interaction between the analyte and the biological material, used in biosensors may be of two types: a) Bioaffinity sensors: depend on the selective and specific attachment of the target molecule to the surface-attached ligand partner (e.g. antibodies, nucleic acids). b) Biocatalytic sensors: an immobilized enzyme is used as a tool to recognize the target substrate (sensor strips with immobilized glucose oxidase used for personal monitoring of diabetes). A number of steps, much labor, time and costly instruments are required in usual analytical technique whereas biosensors are economical, fast and simple and can be used in small laboratories and hospitals of remote areas which are devoid of sophisticated instruments facilities. DNA Biosensors Nucleic acid recognition process is the basis of DNA Biosensors. These are being developed with a rapid pace with an ambition for inexpensive testing for genetic and infectious disease and for detecting DNA damage and interactions. The study of gene polymorphisms and the analysis of gene sequences play a fundamental role in rapid detection of genetic mutations, opens up new opportunities for reliable diagnosis even before any symptoms of a disease appear. Thus recent advances in developing such devices offer the opportunities for DNA diagnostics. DNA biosensors are made by immobilizing single stranded (ss) DNA probes on different transducers for measuring the hybridization between the DNA probes and their complementary DNA strands [12-13]. The current methods to identify specific DNA sequence in Biological samples depends on the isolation of double stranded (ds) DNA and further polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify the target sequence of DNA. The PCR product is then subjected to electrophoresis or adsorbed onto a suitable membrane and exposed to a solution containing DNA probe. Surface Chemistry and Biochemistry The immobilization of DNA probe onto the transducer plays an important role in the performance of the DNA Biosensor. It should be in well-defined probe orientation and should be readily accessible to the target. The mode of immobilization is the determining factor for the type of environment of probes that are immobilized at the solid surface. On the basis of nature of physical transducer, various schemes can be opted for the DNA probes attachment to the surface such as thiolated DNA utilisation for self binding onto gold transducers, the formation of a complex by the use of biotylated DNA with a surface-confined strepavidin or avidin, covalent binding to the gold surface through functional alkanethiol-based monolayer and coupling covalently (carbodiimide) to the functional groups on carbon electrodes or adsorption onto carbon surfaces. Introduction of peptide nucleic acid (PNA) has paved way for many exciting and new opportunities to DNA biosensors. Peptide Nucleic Acid is a DNA mimic, the only difference is that the sugar-phosphate bone is replaced by a pseudo-peptide one. Like use of surface-confined PNA recognition layers provides remarkable sequence specificity on DNA biosensors and offers other advantages. DNA dendrimers may also be utilized for imparting extreme sensitivity onto DNA Biosensors. By shape, these are tree-like superstructures which possess numerous ss arms that are able to hybridize to their complementary DNA sequence. The immobilization of these dendritic nucleic acids onto physical transducer gives an amplified response [14]. Recent advances in the field of biomolecular techniques may be used to design new generation miniaturized biosensor. Types of DNA based Biosensors 1. Optical Type Fiber optics Biological Element Laser Interferometry Transducer DNA Advantages Optical fiber Highly sensitive Disadvantages Expensive equipment and not portable turbidity interference 2. Electrochemical Type Potentiometric Biological Element Conductometric Transducer Amperometric DNA Advantages Carbon paste electrodes Cheap, Fast Limitations Interference of highly buffered solution 3. Piezoelectric Type DNA Biological Element Quartz Crystals Advantages highly sensitive, Fast 4. DNA chips DNA Quantitative Optical DNA based Biosensor Optical methods are the most commonly used for the detection of analytes. DNA optical biosensors are based on a fiber optic which transduces the emission signal to a fluorescent label and that can carry light from one region to another through a series of internal inflections. The methodology of fiber-optic DNA bio-sensors involves placing of a single stranded DNA probe at the ending-site of fiber and assessing the fluorescent changes resulting from the combination of a fluorescent indicator with the double stranded DNA hybrid [15 16]. The first DNA optical bio-sensors were developed by Krull and Co workers using fluorescent indicator ethidium bromide. A fiber-optic DNA sensor array was developed by Watts group for the detection of multiple DNA sequences at one time [17]. The hybridization of fluorescent labeled complementary oligonucleotides was assessed by observing the increase in fluorescence. A real label free optical detection of DNA hybridization can be offered by a different type of optical transduction based on evanescent wave devices. The different types of optical biosensors include: 1.1 Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) It is a quantum optical electrical phenomenon based on the interaction of light with metal surface. Only at specific resonance wavelength of light, the energy carried by photons of light is transferred to packets of electrons (photons) on a metal surface [17]. These biosensors depend on change in surface optical properties (change in resonance angle because of alteration in interfacial refractive index) which results from the surface binding reaction. Thus, these devices integrate the simplicity of SPR with the sensitivity and specificity of wave guiding devices. The SPR signal that is expressed in resonance units is therefore a measure of mass concentration at the senor chip surface [18-20]. 1.2 Molecular Beacons (MBs) MBs are oligonucleotides possessing a stem and loop structure that are labeled with a quencher at one end and a fluorophore on the other end of the stem that converts into fluorescent upon hybridization. MB probes possess high sensitivity and specificity and direct monitoring capability. A biotinylated molecular beacon probe was developed to prepare a DNA sensor using a bridge structure. MB was biotinylated at quencher site of the stem and linked on a glass through streptavidin that act as a bridge between MB and glass matrix. The fluorescence change was measured by confirmation change of MB in the presence of complementary target DNA [21-23]. Quantum Dot It is an ultra sensitive nanosensor based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FREET) that can detect very low concentration of DNA. In these neon sensors, quantum dots (QDs) are linked to specific DNA probes to capture target DNA. The target DNA strand binds to a fluorescent dye (Fluorophore) labeled reporter strand and thus forming FREET donor acceptor assembly. Quantum dot also functions as target concentrator as well as FREET energy donor [24]. DNA nanosensor contains two target specific DNA probes i.e. reporter and capture probe. The reporter probe is labeled with fluorophore whereas capture probe is labeled with biotin that binds with streptavidin conjugated with QD [25]. The fluorophore acceptor and QD donor in close proximity produce fluorescence from acceptor by means of FREET on illumination of the donor. The presence of target DNA is indicated by the detection of acceptor emission. The un-hybridized probe does not give fluorescence. The CdSe Zns core shell nanocrys tal can be used as donor and Cy5 (fluorophore) as acceptor for developing QD based DNA nanosensors [25]. For this type of optical bio sensors fluorescent dyes used as standard labels are very expensive and can rapidly photo bleach. An alternate used is chemiluncinscence format, which overcomes the use of fluorescent dyes. A Fiber-optic DNA biosensor array A new method of preparing the fiber-optic DNA biosensor and its array for the simultaneous detection of multiple genes is described. The optical fibers were made into fiber-optic DNA biosensors by adsorbing and immobilizing the oligonucleotide probe on its end but were first treated with poly-l-lysine. The fiber-optic DNA biosensor array was well prepared by assembling the fiber-optic DNA biosensors in a bundle in which each fiber carried a different DNA probe. Hybridization of fluorescent- labeled cDNA of Rb1 gene, N-ras gene and Rb1 p53 gene to the DNA array was monitored CCD camera. A good result was achieved [61]. 2. Electrochemical DNA Bio sensors These are very useful devices for sequence specific biosensing of DNA. The inherent miniaturization of such devices and advance micro fabrication technology make them excellent tool to diagnose DNA. DNA hybridization is detected electrochemically by monitoring the current response at fixed potential. Detection of hybridization is also commonly done through the increased current of a redox indicator or from other changes induced by hybridization in electrochemical parameters such as capacitance or conductivity [26-28]. The discovery of carbon nano tubes (CNTs) plays an important role in development of electrochemical DNA sensors. Various CNT based electrochemical are developed because the combination of unique electrical, thermal, chemical, mechanical and 3-D spatial properties of CNTs with DNA hybridization offers the possibility of creating DNA bio sensors with specificity, simplicity, high sensitivity and multiplexing. Two major groups in which CNTs divided are single walled CNTs (SWCNTs) that are comprised of a single graphite sheet rolled with a tube and multi walled CNTs (MWCNTs) that are concentric closed graphite tubes [29]. CNT enables immobilization of DNA molecules and also used as powerful amplifier to amplify signal transduction of hybridization [30]. Two types are generally used to immobilize the CNT on electrodes aligned and non-aligned. Two approaches are generally used for the immobilization of bio molecules onto CNTs that are non covalent attachment (physical absorption) and covalent binding (some cross linker agents (1-ethyl 3-3 dimethylaminopropyl) carbodilimide hydrochloride (EDC)/N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS)] or affinity binding (avidin biotin interaction). CNT also act as novel indicator of hybridization. The application of arrayed CNT into DNA chip requires small amount of sample and development of CNT base biosensor has an important role in DNA based diagnostics in hospitals or at home [30]. Various methods are used for immobilizations step i.e. for attaching the DNA probe onto the solid surface that are (a) the use of thiolated DNA probe for self assembled monolayers (SEM) onto gold transducers by covalently bonding to the gold surface through functional alkanethiol based monolayers.(b) Attachment of biotinylated DNA probe through biotin avidin interaction on electrode surface for e.g. avidin modified polyaniline electro chemically deposited onto a Pt disc electrode for direct detection of E. Coli by immobility a 5 biotin labeled probe using a differential pulse Voltametric technique in the presence of methylene blue as an DNA hybridization indicator [31,32]. The electrochemical DNA biosensors may be labeled free and labeled based. Label Free In this direct detection technique the target molecule does not need to be labeled [27]. The elimination of labeling steps simplifies the readout the speed and ease of nucleic acid assays. Thus recently increased attention has been accorded to new label free electrochemical detection schemes. There is a possibility in exploiting the changes in DNAs intrinsic electroactivity (Guanine oxidation peak of hybridization). To deal with the drawbacks of the probe sequences i.e. absence of G, guanines were substituted by inosine residues (pairing with C) and detection of hybridization was done through the target DNA guanine signal. The change in the guanine oxidation and intrinsic DNA redox signals detects the chemical and physical damage [33]. Label Based In label based electrochemical biosensor specific organic dyes, enzymes or metal complexes are used for hybridization detection. Redox active molecules such as methylene blue, dacinomycin that is inserted between the dsDNA and gives signal which is used for detecting hybridization [26] (e.g. of two commercialized DNA chips based on redox active molecules are eSensor TM produced by Motorola life sciences [34], Inc. and Genlyser TM by Toshiba)[35]. Piezoelectric DNA Biosensor These are the mass sensitive devices rely on quartz crystal that oscillate at a defined frequency when oscillation voltage is applied. Increased attention has been given to piezoelectric method due to their simplicity, cost, sensitivity and real time label free detection. The quartz crystal microbalance is an extremely sensitive piezoelectric device that monitors the hybridization events. These biosensors DNA probe is immobilized on the surface of oscillation crystal. The increased mass due to hybridization reaction results in change in oscillating frequency [36-37]. A Piezoelectric sensor for determination of genetically modified soyabean roundup ready [RR soyabean] by immobilizing probe related to 5-enolpyrllvylshikimate 3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) gene onto gold piezoelectrodes [38]. For detecting a point mutation in a human gene (apolipoprotein-E polymorphism) a combination of DNA piezoelectric biosensor and PCR was developed by immobilizing biotinylated probe on the streptavidin coated gold surface of quartz crystal. The hybridization probes with complementary, non-complementary and mismatched DNA of synthetic as well as amplified PCR samples from human blood DNA was taken out and the device was able to distinguish polymorphism [39]. Colorimetric or Strip type DNA sensor Using these sensors the direct detection of DNA hybridization is possible [40-42]. The dry-reagent strip type biosensor has been developed for visual detection of double stranded DNA within a short time [43]. Oligonucleotides conjugated gold particle is used as probe. The main advantage of these biosensors is not requiring any instruments, multiple incubation and washing steps. Integral part of strip consists of gold particles, with oligo (dT) attached to their surface. Biotinylated PCR products are hybridized with poly (dA) tailed oligo, switched to the top of strip and immersed in the appropriate buffer. With the migration of buffer in upward direction, the nanoparticles that are linked through target DNA through poly (dA/dT) hybridization are rehydrated. Immobilized streptavidin then capture the hybrid in the controlled zone of the strip. The test is 8-10 times more sensitive than ethidium bromide in agarose gel electrophoresis. The detection limit is abysmally low of 2 fmol of amplified DNA products. DNA Biochips Microarrays, DNA arrays, gene chips or biochips are same terminology often being intermixed. DNA microarrays are small, solid supports which themselves are usually microscopic slides, but can also be silicon chips or nylon membranes onto which the sequences from thousands of different genes are immobilized, or attached, at fixed locations. The DNA may be spotted, or synthesized directly onto the support. DNA microarrays detect the change in gene expression levels, genomic gained and losses, mutations in DNA and infectious agents, diagnosis of genetic diseases, drug screening or forensic analysis. Developing the methods for detecting target hybridization, designing probe arrays, data analysis and reconstructing the target sequence are required for successful implementation of DNA chip technology. Such array technology thus forms the basis of integration of molecular biology, surface and analytical chemistry, advanced micro fabrication, robotics, software and automation. In this technique, RNA extracted from two samples are labeled with two different fluorochromes (generally the green cyanine 3 and the red cyanine 5 (Cy3, Cy5)) before being hybridized to a biochip consisting of large numbers of cDNAs/oligonucleotides arranged orderly onto a glass microscopic slide. After hybridization, a scanner records excitation of the two fluorochromes at given wavelengths and the intensity of the fluorescence emission signals that is proportional to transcript levels in the biological samples. The data is analyzed using specific software that enables clustering of genes with similar expression patterns, with the assumption that they share common biological functions [33, 44]. A new ultrasensitive electronic sensor has been developed by Singapore scientists that would speed up effectively DNA testing for disease diagnosis and biological research. The novel electronic sensor array would be faster, accurate and cost-efficient. Excellent sensitivity has been shown by the Nanogap Sensor Array in detecting the trace amounts of DNA. By saving time and cutting expenses, newly developed Nanogap Sensor Array offers a scalable and viable alternative for DNA testing. The presence of DNA is translated into an electrical signal by biosensor for computer analysis. The distinctively and meticulously designed sensor chip has the ability to detect DNA efficiently. The novel vertical nanostructure design and two different surfaces of the sensor allow ultrasensitive detection of DNA [45]. Lab-on-a-chip (LOC) Lab Chip is a device which involves preparation of sample and detection of DNA array. The objective of this technology is to integrate multiple processes, including collection of sample and pretreatment of it with the DNA extraction, hybridization and detection, on single self-contained microchip i.e. on a microfluidic platform. The capability to do all the processes on a single chip merits excellent advantages in terms of cost, speed, efficacy, effectiveness, contamination, sample consumption and automation. Laboratory transportation to the source of sample will be enabled by such miniaturization of analytical instrumentation. The development of these credit-card sized microlaboratories is commonly based on latest micromachining and microfabrication technologies, utilizing processes well known in the manufacture of electronic circuitry [14]. Cell-omic sensors Cell based detection systems can be combined with the microarray probes generating the hybrid arrays of cells within arrays of DNA/protein probs. This allows multiparameters analysis [46]. Applications of DNA Biosensors Biosensors plays a distinguished role in the field of environmental quality, food analysis, study of biomolecules and their interactions, drug development, crime detection, medical diagnosis, quality control, industrial process control, detection system for biological warfare agents, manufacturing of pharmaceuticals and replacement organs. The applications of DNA biosensor can be classified into three broad categories: sequencing, mutation detection and matching detection [47]. Their main use is for diseases diagnosis. Numerous diseases can be diagnosed and variety of infectious agents can be detected using DNA biosensors. 1. Viral diseases By DNA microarrays Either viral detection were being carried by immunological techniques (i.e. use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for the detection of circulating virus-specific antibodies) or PCR based techniques (i.e. reverse transcriptase (RT) PCR is used to detect the presence of specific viral genes). Both these approaches possess some limitations. Immunological tests need specific antisera and the production of antisera is laborious and time-consuming task whereas PCR is prone to failure in its ability to identify multiple viruses simultaneously [48]. Therefore, recent advances in DNA and protein microarray methodology fulfill the need of a rapid and sensitive detection of viral infections (also identify multiple viruses in parallel). DNA microarrays for viral analysis can be divided into viral chips and host chips. Each not only detects and identifies but also monitor the viral populations. In 1999, the first viral DNA microarray for the temporal profiling of viral (human cytomegalovirus, HCMV) gene expression was described. Viral replication or de novo protein synthesis was blocked by treatment of infected cells with cycloheximide or ganciclovir and then the expression profiles of viral genes was generated using microarray. Using this approach, the HCMV genes were classified to immediate-early, early or late expression classes, on the basis of their expression profile in response to the drug treatments. This can be used as an identifying hybridization signature for the molecular staging of an infection [49]. Orthopoxvirus causes smallpox and has two subtypes variola major and variola minor, of differing pathogenicity. This problem of orthopoxvirus subtype discrimination was solved by producing an array capable of correctly identifying the four of the orthopoxvirus species by laassri etal. [50]. HIV genotyping was done using chip technology [51]. A unique signature that is derived from viral is provided by viral chips. Host chip is used for examining the host response i.e. changes in host gene expression. This provides a molecular signature of infection. Cummings and Relman exposed an idea of host chips [52]. Vant wout etal. examined HIV 1 infection in CD4+ T-cells to detect changes in host gene expression that were specific to HIV infection [53]. Proinflammatory genes and genes involved in endoplasmic reticulum stress pathways, cell cycle, and apoptosis were the host gene signatures identified. Detection of hepatitis B virus Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the causative agents of viral hepatitis which is leading cause of liver cancer. Infection of HBV is a public health menace for worldwide resulting acute and chronic clinical consequences. Acute HBV infection may lead to liver failure or may progress to chronic liver disease. Some chronically infected individuals may subsequently suffer cirrhosis and liver failure or develop hepatocellular carcinoma. Effective antiviral therapy may inhibit or retard the progression to severe liver disease. By DNA optical biosensor Bacterial alkaline phosphatase (phoA) gene and hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA were used as target DNA. For capturing the target gene onto streptavidin coated magnetic beads, a biotinylated DNA probe was used. A calf intestine alkaline phosphatase labeled DNA probe was used for subsequent enzymatic chemiluminescences detection. The detection cycle was less than 30 min, excluding the DNA hybridization time that was about 100 min. at fematomole or picogramme levels both phoA gene and HBV DNA could be detected. No response signal was obtained when in sample target DNA did not exist [54]. By Piezoelectric DNA biosensor HBV nucleic acid probe was immobilized onto the coated gold surface of quartz crystal using polyethyleneimine adhesion, glutaraldehyde cross-linking (PEI-Glu) method or the physical adsorption method. Better results were obtained with the coated crystal with the PEI Glu method to immobilized HBV nucleic acid probe than physical adsorption method with respect to sensitivity, reproducibility and stability. With the hybridization reaction, the mass is increasing that resulted change in oscillating frequency. The frequency shifts of hybridization have better linear relationship with the amount of HBV DNA, when the amount was in range of 0.02-0.14 microgram/ml [55]. By electrochemical DNA biosensor An electrochemical DNA biosensor that is a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with label free21mer single-stranded (ss) oligonucleotides (related to hepatitis B virus sequence) via covalent immobilization. [Cu(dmp)(H2O)Cl2] (dmp = 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline) is used as an electrochemical indicator. The method is simple, economical and allows the accumulation of copper complex within the DNA layer. Cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry were used for electrochemical detection. The detection of hybridization is accomplished by using [Cu(dmp)(H2O)Cl2], where electroactivity and strong association with the immobilized dsDNA segment lead to significantly enhanced voltammetric signal. The differential pulse voltammograms for the cathodic signals of [Cu(dmp)(H2O)Cl2] at a bare GCE, and at ss- and dsDNA-modified GCEs are also recorded. The peak currents of [Cu(dmp)(H2O)Cl2] increased in the order of bare GCE, ssDNA/GCE, and dsDNA/GCE. After hybridization process, a greater peak current was observed from dsDNA/GCE than at ssDNA/GCE, because that more [Cu(dmp)(H2O)Cl2] molecules are concentrated or bound to dsDNA helix than to ssDNA. Thus, [Cu(dmp)(H2O)Cl2] can be used as an electroactive indicator for recognition of the surface hybridization process. The sensitivity of the electrochemical hybridization assay was investigated by varying the target oligonucleotides concentration. The different current value obtained in the DPV response of [Cu(dmp)(H2O)Cl2] after hybridization of probe with target is recorded with three repetitive measurements. The current response at about 0.485V increased in proportion to the amount of the target sequence used [56]. Detection of hepatitis C 3a virus An electrochemical DNA biosensor i.e. a gold electrode modified with a monolayer of a peptide nucleic acid probe and 6-mercapto-1-hexanol was used that depends on covalent binding of the14-mer PNA probe (related to the HCV genotype 3a (pHCV3a) core/E1 region) onto the electrode. This self-assembled PNA could selectively hybridize with a complementary sequence in solution to give dsPNA-DNA on the surface, and this increases the peak current of methylene blue (MB) which is used for detecting target DNA sequence. Diagnostic performance of the biosensor is described and the detection limit was found to be 5.7  ÃƒÆ'-  10à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢11  M with a relative standard deviation of 1.4% in phosphate buffer solution, pH 7.0. This sensor exhibits high reproducibility and could be used to detect the target DNA for seven times after the regeneration process [57]. Cystic fibrosis Mikkelsens team, pioneered the utilization of redox indicators, demonstrated utility of electrochemical DNA biosensor for detecting the cystic fibrosis F508 deletion sequence which is associated with 70% of cystic fibrosis patients. For the 4000-base DNA fragment, 1.8 fmol was the detection limit in relation to a Co(bpy)33+ indicator. High selectivity for the disease sequence (not for normal DNA) was accomplished by doing the hybridization at high (43 °C) temperature [14]. 3. Diabetes Diabetes is a worldwide public health problem. The diagnosis and management of diabetes requires a tight monitoring of blood glucose levels. Thus millions of diabetics test their blood glucose levels daily by making glucose the most commonly tested analyte. The challenge is to provide such reliable and tight glycemic control. Electrochemical biosensors for glucose thus play a leading role. Amperometric enzyme electrodes, based on glucose oxidase (GOx) bound to electrode transducers, have thus been found the subject of substantial research [58]. Glucose sensors are commonly used to measure the blood glucose level of diabetes patients. Using the latest DNA chip technology, many scientists at Diabetes Center have discovered the implication of new gene in the cause of type 2 diabetes. They created an abnormality in one of these genes known as ARNT (aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator gene which is a member of a family of transcription factors) in mice and the mice developed changes in insulin secretion which were same as in patients with type 2 diabetes. The ARNT is required for the development of normal embryo. It is also related to responses to hypoxic stress condition and certain environmental toxins, such as dioxin and thus for integrating genetic and environmental insults it is present at specific potential sites. The expression of many other genes in the cell is regulated by transcription factors like ARNT and thus they are the master regulators of cellular functions. The first use of DNA chips has been represented by this study,

Woodrow Wilson

Woodrow Wilson was a politician, scholar, activist, and an idealist who believed that â€Å"there is no cause half so sacred as the cause of a people. There is no idea so uplifting as the idea of the service of humanity†. Yet he was also considered a racist. A. The Child Thomas Woodrow Wilson was born December 28, 1856 at Staunton, Virginia; one of four children to Joseph Ruggles Wilson and Janet Wilson who were of Scottish descent. His family moved to Augusta, Georgia a year after his birth and then in 1870 moving to Columbia and later moved to Wilmington in 1884. Woodrow later drop his first name, Thomas. B. The Student He got his early education from a few ex-Confederate soldiers who set up some schools after the Civil war and his father who taught him religion, literature and British history. At sixteen years of age, Wilson attended Davidson College, North Carolina for one year and later drop out of college due to his health. In 1875, he attended a College of New Jersey which is now known as Princeton University where he graduated in 1879. Later that year he studied law at the University of Virginia but left school again due to personal reasons. He continued his studying law on his own after returning home of Wilmington, North Carolina. He set up a legal practice with a friend from the University of Virginia in 1882 and passed the Georgia Bar Exam. Later, he left the practice of law and decided to continue his education at John Hopkins University, Baltimore. There he was enrolled as a graduate student in history and political science and earned his PH. D in 1886. With his research study, he made the dissertation known as Congressional Government: A Study in American Politics. In this dissertation, Wilson argued about the power the congressional government has over a weak postwar Presidency and for a constitutional change of separation of powers between Congress and the President to that of the British Parliament. In the final year of his graduate school, Wilson, at 28 years old, married Ellen Louise Axson, in Savannah, Georgia. They had three daughters in their life together, Margaret, Jessie, and Eleanor. Woodrow Wilson became an instructor at Bryn Mawr College from 1885 to 1888 teaching political economy and public law. He then accepted professorship at Wesleyan University in Connecticut, teaching history for two years. After 1890, he went back to Princeton University teaching political economy and law. From 1902 – 1910, Woodrow Wilson served as President of Princeton University. Wilson’s tenure helped shape Princeton into one of America’s great universities. C. The Governor Wilson ran for governor of New Jersey accepting the conservative Democrats’ proposal and won the democratic nomination. He shocked the politicians by declaring independence of the political bosses and later won the decisive victory over the Republican opponent and began his reforms against the political bosses. During two year period, Wilson had pushed legislation to allow voters to choose their candidates rather than having party bosses choose as well as secure reform for campaign finances. He also made passage for Workers Compensation for families whose working member is injured or killed on the job as well as improve the public utility commission to improve rates. During his time as Governor of New Jersey, many progressive leaders took interest in Wilson as a potential Presidential candidate, especially the Democrat William Jennings Bryan. D. The President Woodrow Wilson narrowly won the Democratic nomination in 1912 putting him against President Taft of the Republicans, Theodore Roosevelt of the Bull Moose Party, and Eugene Debs of the Socialist Party. Wilson on his platform presented a program called the â€Å"New Freedom† which busted up corporate monopolies to allow the chance for competition to prevent monopolies from controlling the Federal government. Wilson won the election with 41. 9% becoming the 28th President of the United States. Few reforms he first put out was the tariff reform, The Underwood Act; which had lowered rates from 40% to 27%, as well as creating the first federal income tax with the passage of the 16th Amendment. In 1914, Ellen Louise Axson, Wilson’s wife and First Lady, died from Bright’s disease. In 1915, Wilson married Edith Bolling Galt, who happens to be a widow at the time which made her the 2nd First Lady. With the Election of 1916 coming, the main focus came to light about the War in Europe, which Wilson being the Democratic candidate with Marshall as his running mate, bent on neutrality of keeping the United States out of the European War. His opponents were the reunited Republican Party with Charles Evan Hughes of New York as their candidate. Wilson called for military preparedness as well as a world association of peace for maintaining peace after the war in Europe ends, as well as women suffrage, and ending child labor. Democratic delegates also came up with the chant, â€Å"He kept us out of war† as the campaign slogan. Wilson had narrowly won the election in November with 49. 4% vote and 277 electoral vote compared to Hughes 46. 2% vote and 254 electoral vote. E. The Racist Wilson initiated his segregation efforts while president of Princeton University, he discouraged blacks from applying for admission. Wilson's History of the American People (1901) described the Ku Klux Klan of the late 1860s as a lawless reaction to a lawless period. Wilson wrote that the Klan â€Å"began to attempt by intimidation what they were not allowed to attempt by the ballot or by any ordered course of public action†. Wilson considered African American immigrants unfitting for American citizenship and unable to integrate in the American society. He made this very evident in his book, History of the American People. Wilson described slaves as â€Å"indolent† and compared them to â€Å"shiftless children† and thought that slave masters were patient with these lazy laborers. Woodrow Wilson disapproved of the idea of African American being free. He usual related them to animals and commonly referred to blacks as darkies. Wilson held the common neo-Confederate view that the South was demoralized by Northern advocates and Congressional hassle of black equality justified extreme measures to reassert white supremacist national and state governments. Though in 1912, â€Å"an extraordinary number of African Americans left the Republican Party to vote for Wilson (a Democrat), encouraged by his promises to support minorities, Wilson’s cabinet expanded racially segregationist policies. Under Woodrow Wilson administration, most federal government offices were segregated – in some departments for the first time since 1863. Many African American employees were demoted or fired. Some segregationist federal workplace policies introduced by the Wilson administration remained until the Truman Administration in the 1940s. In 1914, Wilson told The New York Times, â€Å"If the colored people made a mistake in voting for me, they ought to correct it†. F. The Public Administrator Wilson believed Public Administration was â€Å"government in action; it is the executive, the operative, the most visible side of government, and is of course as old as government itself†. He was fretful about the implementation of government so he studied public administration because he believed that it could increase governmental efficiency. He condemned political leader who modulated the importance of government administration and made it â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. harder to run the constitution than to frame it†. Woodrow Wilson thought that the United States required greater compromise because of the diversity of public opinion. He compared administration to a machine that functions independent of the changing mood of its leaders. Wilson put it, â€Å"public attention must be easily directed, in each case of good or bad administration, to just the man deserving of praise or blame. There is no danger in power, if only it be not irresponsible. If it be divided, dealt out in share to many, it is obscured†¦. † II. Conclusion In 1919, Wilson suffered a stroke while on a speaking tour in Pueblo, Colorado, making him unable to carry out his Presidential duties effectively. After leaving office, he retired in Washington DC where he spent the remaining three years of his life before passing away on February 3, 1924. He is the only President to be buried in the National Cathedral in Washington DC. He changed the Democratic Party to a â€Å"party of reform† as well as changing foreign policy to internationalism from isolationism. He also left behind the Federal Reserve, the tariff reduction, federal regulation of business, as well as support for the labor unions. He helped prepare the United States for its role in the world with creating the League of Nations only for the US to join its; predecessor the United Nations. Woodrow Wilson left behind an idea that would fuel for global peace.